Public rights of way are legal routes across private land that anyone can use. They form part of the public highway network, even though they often run through fields, woods and moorland. In England and Wales, they are recorded on a definitive map kept by the local highway authority. This map is the legal record of where these routes exist and what type of access they allow. Rights of way are not the same as permissive paths, which landowners allow you to use out of goodwill and can close at any time. Public rights of way are permanent, though they can occasionally be diverted or temporarily closed for safety or land management reasons.
Footpaths are the most common type of right of way. They are for walking only. You cannot ride a horse, push a bicycle, or drive any vehicle on a footpath. They are usually marked with yellow waymarkers or yellow arrows on gates and posts. Expect stiles, kissing gates, footbridges and uneven ground. Dogs are welcome on footpaths, but you should keep them under close control, especially around livestock. Pushchairs and wheelchairs may struggle with stiles, though many paths are being improved for accessibility. If a footpath crosses a field with a bull, remember that you have a right to pass, but take care and keep your dog close.
Bridleways are open to walkers, horse riders and cyclists. Cyclists must give way to walkers and horse riders, and everyone should be considerate. You will usually see blue waymarkers. Bridleways are often wider than footpaths and may have gates rather than stiles. They can be muddier and more rutted, especially in winter. Horse riders have the same right to use bridleways as walkers, so give them plenty of room and pass slowly. Dogs should be kept on a lead or close at heel around horses. Remember that bridleways do not allow motor vehicles, including motorbikes and quad bikes.
Restricted byways are open to walkers, horse riders, cyclists and horse-drawn vehicles. They do not allow motor vehicles. They are marked with purple waymarkers. Byways open to all traffic, often called BOATs, allow motor vehicles as well. They are marked with red waymarkers. In practice, many byways are ancient green lanes that are too rough for cars, and they are used mainly by walkers, riders and cyclists. Motor vehicles using a byway must be road legal and driven responsibly. Byways can be challenging underfoot, with deep mud, ruts and water crossings, so wear sturdy boots and check conditions before setting out.
The definitive map is the best place to start. Most local authorities publish it online, often with an interactive map. You can also check signage at access points, look for waymarkers along the route, and read guidebooks or official survey maps. But the definitive map is the legal record, so if there is any doubt, trust it. Check for temporary closures or diversions before you go, especially after bad weather or during shooting seasons. If you find a problem, such as a broken stile or an illegally blocked path, report it to the local highway authority. They have a duty to keep rights of way open and usable. You can also join a local rambling group to learn more and help protect these routes.
Whichever right of way you use, the Countryside Code applies. Leave gates as you find them, follow paths across fields, take your litter home, and keep dogs under control. Say hello to farmers and other users. Many paths cross working farmland, so give livestock space and do not feed them. If you meet a horse, step to the side and speak calmly. Cyclists should slow down and ring a bell well in advance. By following these simple rules, you help keep rights of way open and enjoyable for everyone.
The Swift Stile shares practical, down-to-earth guidance on uk countryside walking and rambling for readers across the UK.
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